INTRODUCTION TO IVF
The term in vitro means in glass or in artificial conditions and IVF refers to the fact that fertilization of egg by sperm had occurred not in uterus but outside the uterus at artificially maintained optimum condition. The IVF technology has revolutionized the field of animal biotechnology because a production of more and more animals as compared to animal production through normal course. For an example an animal produces about 6-8 offspring’s but through the IVF technology it produces about 50-60 offspring’s in her life time, so the IVF technology holds a great promise because a large no. of animals in same duration of life by maintaining the gene pool of animal population. In India M.L. Madan, animal embryo-biotechnologist at National dairy Research Institute, karnal (Haryana) has got the success in producing more calves in cows.
HOW IVF IS ACHIEVED
The IVF technology is very useful it involves the following protocols:
Taking out the eggs from ovaries of female donor.
In vitro maturation of egg cultures kept in an incubator.
Fertilization of eggs in test tubes by semen obtained from super male.
Implantation of seven days old embryo in reproductive tract of other recipient female which acts as surrogate mother. (The surrogate mother does not contribute in anything in terms of genetic makeup since the same comes from the egg of donor mother and semen from artificial insemination.)
NEED OF IVF TECHNOLOGY
IVF is one of several assisted reproductive techniques (ART) used to help infertile couples to conceive a child.
CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
If after one year of having sexual intercourse without the use of birth control a woman is unable to get pregnant, infertility is suspected. Some major reasons for infertility are damaged or blocked fallopian tubes, hormonal imbalance or endometriosis in the woman. In the man, low sperm count or poor quality sperm can cause infertility.
IVF is one of several possible methods to increase the chance for an infertile couple to become pregnant.
IVF will not work for a woman who is not capable of ovulating or a man who is not able to produce at least a few healthy sperm.
TECHNIQUES USED IN IVF TO INCREASE ITS SUCCESS
1. ASSISTED HATCHING
Sometimes viable embryos do not implant in uterine wall simply because they are unable to break free from their surrounding “jelly coat” called zona pellucida. The assisted hatching performed in lab right before embryo transfer using a laser to create a hole in the zona. This allows the embryo to hatch and make contact with the lining of the uterus and implant.
2. INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION
In this technique, a single sperm is injected into the cytoplasm (interior) of the egg. Today the use of ICSI is now routinely applied to a wide range of clinical situations whenever there is a possibility that fertilization may not occur. Such situations may include unexplained infertility or when frozen sperm samples survive their selves poorly.
3. FREEZE ALL EMBRYOS IVF CYCLE
In the past it is preferred to perform fresh embryo transfers for most patients because the embryos had a better chance of implanting and developing into a baby then frozen embryos did. However over the past several years vitrificaton techniques for freezing and thawing embryos have improved so much that frozen embryos now have an equal or perhaps better chance of implanting than fresh embryos. When there is a planned “freeze all embryos” IVF cycle the developing embryos are frozen via vitrificaton and stored until they are transferred at a later time. This technique is especially beneficial for woman at a risk of hyper ovarian stimulation caused by the medications used to produce multiple eggs during the cycle.
4. PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC SCREENING(PGS)
PGS help us to answer the questions of which embryos have the greatest potential to become a healthy pregnancy. PGS gives the patient two advantages first it gives us to be 99% certain the embryos have the correct number of chromosomes thereby increasing the chance for a healthy pregnancy. Second I allows the patient to transfer only one embryo thereby decreasing the chance of twins ( which have much higher rate of complications).
Bibliography
Dr. John Storment , medical director at fertility answers, US
www.createfertility.co.uk
The term in vitro means in glass or in artificial conditions and IVF refers to the fact that fertilization of egg by sperm had occurred not in uterus but outside the uterus at artificially maintained optimum condition. The IVF technology has revolutionized the field of animal biotechnology because a production of more and more animals as compared to animal production through normal course. For an example an animal produces about 6-8 offspring’s but through the IVF technology it produces about 50-60 offspring’s in her life time, so the IVF technology holds a great promise because a large no. of animals in same duration of life by maintaining the gene pool of animal population. In India M.L. Madan, animal embryo-biotechnologist at National dairy Research Institute, karnal (Haryana) has got the success in producing more calves in cows.
HOW IVF IS ACHIEVED
The IVF technology is very useful it involves the following protocols:
Taking out the eggs from ovaries of female donor.
In vitro maturation of egg cultures kept in an incubator.
Fertilization of eggs in test tubes by semen obtained from super male.
Implantation of seven days old embryo in reproductive tract of other recipient female which acts as surrogate mother. (The surrogate mother does not contribute in anything in terms of genetic makeup since the same comes from the egg of donor mother and semen from artificial insemination.)
NEED OF IVF TECHNOLOGY
IVF is one of several assisted reproductive techniques (ART) used to help infertile couples to conceive a child.
CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
If after one year of having sexual intercourse without the use of birth control a woman is unable to get pregnant, infertility is suspected. Some major reasons for infertility are damaged or blocked fallopian tubes, hormonal imbalance or endometriosis in the woman. In the man, low sperm count or poor quality sperm can cause infertility.
IVF is one of several possible methods to increase the chance for an infertile couple to become pregnant.
IVF will not work for a woman who is not capable of ovulating or a man who is not able to produce at least a few healthy sperm.
TECHNIQUES USED IN IVF TO INCREASE ITS SUCCESS
1. ASSISTED HATCHING
Sometimes viable embryos do not implant in uterine wall simply because they are unable to break free from their surrounding “jelly coat” called zona pellucida. The assisted hatching performed in lab right before embryo transfer using a laser to create a hole in the zona. This allows the embryo to hatch and make contact with the lining of the uterus and implant.
2. INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION
In this technique, a single sperm is injected into the cytoplasm (interior) of the egg. Today the use of ICSI is now routinely applied to a wide range of clinical situations whenever there is a possibility that fertilization may not occur. Such situations may include unexplained infertility or when frozen sperm samples survive their selves poorly.
3. FREEZE ALL EMBRYOS IVF CYCLE
In the past it is preferred to perform fresh embryo transfers for most patients because the embryos had a better chance of implanting and developing into a baby then frozen embryos did. However over the past several years vitrificaton techniques for freezing and thawing embryos have improved so much that frozen embryos now have an equal or perhaps better chance of implanting than fresh embryos. When there is a planned “freeze all embryos” IVF cycle the developing embryos are frozen via vitrificaton and stored until they are transferred at a later time. This technique is especially beneficial for woman at a risk of hyper ovarian stimulation caused by the medications used to produce multiple eggs during the cycle.
4. PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC SCREENING(PGS)
PGS help us to answer the questions of which embryos have the greatest potential to become a healthy pregnancy. PGS gives the patient two advantages first it gives us to be 99% certain the embryos have the correct number of chromosomes thereby increasing the chance for a healthy pregnancy. Second I allows the patient to transfer only one embryo thereby decreasing the chance of twins ( which have much higher rate of complications).
Bibliography
Dr. John Storment , medical director at fertility answers, US
www.createfertility.co.uk
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BIOTECHNOLOGY