Biocatalytic capability of microorganisms have been utilized for a considerable length of time to deliver bread, wine, vinegar and other normal items without understanding the biochemical basis of their ingredients. Microbial Enzymes have become an interest of modern growing industries due their widespread uses in industries and medicine based on their stability, catalytic activity and the ease of production and its optimization as compared to any plant and animal based enzymes.
The application of Enzyme in various industries (e.g. Food, Agriculture, Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals) is growing rapidly due to reduced processing time, low energy input, cost effectiveness, non-toxic and eco-friendly properties. These microbial enzymes are well capable of degrading toxic compounds of industrial and domestic waste (i.e.: phenol compounds, nutriles, amines etc.) either via conversion or degradation.
Enzymes are large macromolecules composed of polymers of amino acids connected by amide bonds, ranging from kilodalton (insulin) to megadalton (ribosome) in molecular mass. Catalytic site of these macromolecules is often buried deep within hydrophobic pockets, which determines the specificity for their substrate. This specificity of enzyme to catalyze reactions between one types of chemical compound over the other provides the basis of its classification and name. With the great advancement achieved in the area of biochemistry after 1940, a large number of enzymes were isolated and characterized, and therefore, it was necessary to regulate the enzyme nomenclature. Thus, International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) in consultation with International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) established an Enzyme Commission (EC) to be in charge of guiding the naming and systematic classification for enzymes. According to the type of reaction catalyzed, the enzyme commission has classified the enzymes into six main classes, mentioned in below table:
Class
|
Reactions
|
Enzymes
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Oxidoreductases
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Transfer of hydrogen or oxygen or electrons between molecules
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Dehydrogenases, oxidases, oxygenases, peroxidases
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Transferases
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Transfer of groups of atoms from one molecule to another
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Fructosyltransferases, transketolases, acyltransferases, transaminases
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Hydrolases
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Hydrolytic cleavage of bonds
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Proteases, amylases, acylases, lipases, phosphatases, cutinases
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Lyases
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Non-hydrolytic cleavage by elimination or addition reactions
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Pectate lyases, hydratases, dehydratases, decarboxylases, fumarase, argino succinase
|
Isomerases
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Transfer of group from one position to another within one molecule
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Isomerases, epimerases, racemases
|
Modern Recombinant DNA technology has been more focused on producing species which are specific to the certain enzyme production by manipulating and directing their genes. Below are the lists of the Industrial enzymes popular in the 21st century Enzyme market.
source & credit National Center For Biotechnology And National Health Institute
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BIOTECHNOLOGY