EVOLUTION

1	Louis Pasteur demonstrated that (a) early life came from outer space (b) non-living chemicals produced living molecules (c) life comes from pre-existing life (d) life originated spontaneously	1
2	The origin of life according to the early Greek philosophers was transfer of unit of life from outer space to the different planets in the form of (a) seeds (b) spores (c) gemmules (d) gametes	1
3	A population is in genetic equilibrium/Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with 2 alleles (dominant allele is 'A' and recessive allele 'a'). If the frequency of allele 'A' is 0.6, then the frequency of genotype 'Aa' is (a) 0.21 (b) 0.42 (c) 0.48 (d) 0.32	1
4	Variations caused due to mutations are (a) random and directionless (b) random and directional (c) random and small (d) random, small and directional	1
5	Evolutionary convergence is development of a (a) common set of functions in groups of different ancestry (b) dissimilar set of functions in closely related groups (c) common set of structures in closely related groups (d) dissimilar set of functions in unrelated groups.	1
6	At a particular locus, the frequency of allele A is 0.8 and that of allele a is 0.2. What would be the frequency of heterozygotes in a random mating population at equilibrium? (a) 0.32 (c) 0.24 (b) 0.16 (d) 0.48	1
7	A team of archaeologists found a fossilized skeleton of a human-like creature with a brain capacity of more than 700cc. The structure and its associated findings also show evidence that this creature could use tools for hunting. Which stage of human evolution is this creature NOT from? (a) Homo erectus (b) Homo habilis (c) Neanderthal Man (d) Australopithecines	1
8	Oysters are generally either dark or light in colour. Dark oysters excel in dark environments, while light oysters thrive in bright environments. Intermediate-coloured oysters are disadvantaged, lacking effective camouflage in either setting. Which type of natural selection does this phenomenon exemplify? (a) Directional (b) Stabilising (c) Disruptive (d) The phenomenon described does not exemplify natural selection.	1
9	The theory of evolution supported by the experiment conducted by Louis Pasteur is (a) Spontaneous generation theory (b) Life comes only from pre-existing life (c) Abiogenesis of life (d) Big bang theory.	1
10	At which stage during evolution did human use hides to protect their bodies and buried their dead? (a) Homo habilis (c) Java man (b) Neanderthal man (d) Homo erectus	1

ASSERTION AND REASON QUESTIONS

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).

(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).

(c) Assertion (A) is true, and Reason (R) is false.

(d) Assertion (A) is false, and Reason (R) True.

11	Assertion (A): Gene flow increases genetic variations. Reason (R): The random introduction of new alleles	1
12	Assertion (A): Homo sapiens have evolved from chimpanzee-like ancestors. Reason (R): There is no difference between the two in the amino acid sequence of the protein Cytochrome-c.	1
13	Assertion (A) : Darwin's finches have different types of modified beaks according to their feeding habits. Reason (R) : Convergent evolution leads to development of structures with different function arising from a common ancestor.	1
14	Assertion (A) : Homologous organs show divergent evolution. Reason (R) : Homology indicates common ancestry.	1

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

15	How is the study of fossils an evidence of evolution of life forms which have taken place on the earth? Explain giving two reasons.	2
16	Explain with the help of an example the type of evolution homology is based on.	2
17	Is sweet potato analogous or homologous to potato tuber? Give reasons to support your answer.	2
18	Explain divergent evolution with two examples.	2
19	Name the scientist who influenced Darwin and how?	2

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

20	Write the characteristics of Dryopithecus of Ramapithecus and Neanderthal man.	3
21	Explain the interpretation of Charles Darwin when he observed a variety of small black birds on Galapagos islands.	3
22	Explain adaptive radiation with the help of a suitable example	3
23	Analogous organs are a result of convergent evolution. Justify with the help of suitable example for each.	3
24	Industrial melanism in England after 1850 is an excellent example of Natural selection. Explain how?	3
25	Differentiate between homology and analogy. Give one example of each.	3
26	Describe the experiment that helped Louis Pasteur to dismiss the theory of spontaneous generation of life.	3

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

27	(a) Differentiate between analogy and homology giving one example each of plant and animal respectively. (b) How are they considered as an evidence in support of evolution?	5
28	(a) How do the observations made during moth collection in pre- and post-industrialised era in England support evolution by natural selection? (b) Explain the phenomenon that is well represented by Darwin's finches other than natural selection.	5
29	(a) How does the Hardy-Weinberg equation explain genetic equilibrium? (b) Describe how this equilibrium is disturbed that may lead to founder effect.	5
30	What are analogous structures? How are they different from homologous structures? Provide one example for each	5
31	Explain convergent evolution with the help of two examples	5
32	How does the study of fossils support evolution? Explain	5
33	(a) Differentiate between analogous and homologous structures. (b) Select and write analogous structures from the list given below: (i) Wings of butterfly and birds (ii) Vertebrate hearts (iii) Tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita (iv) Tubers of sweet potato and potato	5

CASE BASED STUDY QUESTIONS

Read the following passage and answer the questions below:

Charles Darwin observed different species of finches on the Galápagos Islands. Each species had a beak adapted to the type of food available on its specific island. These observations helped him develop the theory of natural selection.

1. What conclusion did Darwin draw from his observations of the finches?

2. What role does natural selection play in evolution?

3. How did the beak shape help finches survive in different environments?

4. Name the book where Darwin explained his theory.

5. What is "adaptive radiation"? Explain with this example.

Read the following passage and answer the questions below:

Palaeontologists discovered fossils of a bird-like dinosaur with feathers and hollow bones in China. These features are similar to those found in modern birds. Scientists believe that this fossil represents a transitional form in evolution between dinosaurs and birds.

1. What does this fossil evidence suggest about the evolution of birds?

2. Define the term "transitional form" with reference to this case.

3. Which theory of evolution is supported by fossil evidence?

4. How do fossils help in tracing evolutionary relationships?

5. What are vestigial organs? Name one vestigial organ in humans.

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